Pervasive computing is the trend towards increasingly ubiquitous (another name for the movement is ubiquitous computing), connected computing devices in the environment, with a tendency towards a convergence of advanced electronic made - and particularly, wireless - technologies and the Internet. Pervasive computing devices are not personal computers as we first thought, but very tiny - even invisible - devices, either mobile or embedded in almost any type of objectimaginable, including cars, tools, equipment, clothing and various consumer goods - all communications through increasingly interconnected networks.
Modern equipment can serve the ubiquitous computing model include mobile phones, digital audio players, radio-frequency identification tags, and interactive whiteboards. Other terms for ubiquitous computing is pervasive computing, calm technology, things that think all the software and, more recently, pervasive Internet.
UbiquitousComputing covers a wide spectrum of research topics, including distributed computing, mobile computing, sensor networks, human-computer interaction and artificial intelligence.
HISTORY
Pervasive computing is emerging third wave of information technology, emerged the first computer:
Or First Wave - Mainframe computing was: a computer is shared by many people over
Workstations.
• Second Wave - was the personal computing: a computer used by a person, A
conscious interaction. Users in large part tied to the desktop.
or Third Wave - Pervasive (initially as ubiquitous) computing era: one person, many
Computer. Millions of computers embedded in the environment so that the technology
to overshadow.
BACKGROUND
Eight billion embedded microprocessors are produced each year. This number is expected to increase substantially over the next ten years, so that electronic devices are becoming ubiquitous. ThisDevices vary from a few millimeters in size (small sensors) to several meters (displays and surfaces). You can use the wired and wireless technologies into broader, more capable, networks are interconnected. Pervasive computing systems and services can lead to a greater degree of ease of use or understanding of control environment, whether at home or in an office or car.The were calls for more debate about the impact of pervasive computing, while is stillat an early stage of development.
Pervasive Computing Technologies
Pervasive computing technologies classified in four converging areas
- Mobile Computing
Embedded and Applied Computing -
- RFID and Sensors
- Mobile networks and sensor
Mobile Computing
The widespread use of mobile computing devices has changed the way we calculate how much changed and expanded areas of research in distributed computing and networking. Distributed in fact, traditionalComputing is actually a subset of the wide range of mobile computing. Many topics in "mature" areas like distributed databases, distributed fault tolerance and resource management now require much additional study, because many traditional assumptions are challenged. Laptop computers are in more hostile environments with limited resources (limited power, frequent disconnection) and poor peripheral.
Mobile computing is changing the way we live and work, as the deep 'Introduction of the car almost a century ago. Fundamental advances in mobile networks, wireless connectivity, mobile information access, content adaptation, data synchronization, technology for notebook PCs and laptops and innovative mobile e-business solutions come from research laboratories all over the world ..
Some of the recent research in mobile computing includes:
Wearable athletes DISPLAY STATISTICS
TeamAwear is a basketball jersey that displays real-timeAbout the wearer of its statistics, as their fouls, points and points and alerts players when the game is almost over, or if time is short, is to shoot. Mitchell Page and Andrew Vande Moere at the Centre of Design Computing and Cognition at the University of Sydney has developed the system, which consists of numerous colored electroluminescent panels. A small computer that controls the player's body panels and communicates wirelessly with a server that tracks relevant gameStatistics. Light to show, for example, panels on top of the page, how many goals the wearer has scored a goal, with every dish, despite the 10 goals the inventors originally developed TeamAwear shirt for basketball, they say, that exist in other fast-sports work in which player-specific data changes rapidly, such as football, volleyball, cricket and baseball. You could also work to support emergency teams in noisy environments where verbal communicationinefficient.
SkyScout
If you have ever looked into the night sky and wondered what stars you were observing Celestron SkyScout might be for you. Especially useful for novice astronomers, this handheld device combines GPS technology with a map of the sky to detect, locate and information on celestial bodies. To identify an object of interest can be easily viewed through the SkyScout and press the Identify button. Technology identifies the object and the SkyScout tells youwhat it is. To locate a celestial object, select it from a relatively user-friendly menu items and press the search button. SkyScout uses red directional arrows around the eyepiece for you to run the object in the sky. A nice feature is that the menu shows only objects that should be visible. (Unfortunately, Sky-Scout has no way of knowing which of these objects are blocked by trees). Finally, the device can educate, the most popular of the many celestial bodies. The information isavailable for both audio and text and includes facts about the object and its history and mythology. SkyScout release was delayed in 2006 due to production problems in one of the components.
Nokia Nseries PHONES
Nokia has launched three new mobile phones in its Nseries multimedia, today announced that each for a different market segment. The N71, N80, N92, and offers a long list of features. The N71 from the Nokia XpressMusic family, offers an FM stereo tuner, a five band equalizer,and support for video and audio formats including MP3, AAC, eAAC +, WMA, JPEG and MPEG-4. It offers a _ 240 320 pixel display and two cameras, a 2 megapixel (1600 _ 1200 pixel) and the other is VGA (640 _ 480). It operates on dual-mode broadband access (Code Division Multiple WCDMA) / GSM and triband GSM. The N80 offers a 352 _ 416-pixel display and a 3 megapixel camera with features including four flash modes, 10 scene modes, manual exposure compensation and four colors.
Builtand Applied Informatics
Embedded and Ubiquitous Computing is an exciting new paradigm that provides computing and communication services anytime and anywhere. The systems are now affecting every aspect of our lives to the point that they are hidden in different devices. This emergence is a natural outcome of research and technological innovations in embedded systems. Pervasive Computing is an integrated environment with hardware and software components that autonomouslythe needs of residents. Embedded system is the heart of pervasive computing and is involved in various applications such as architecture and laptop applications, sensor networks, real-time embedded operating systems, embedded servers, embedded systems networking, address-free routing, smart spaces, dynamic service discovery, mobility, and case studies. Some of the ongoing investigations in embedded systems are:
Roll-up display
Who has not dreamed of a displayrolling when not in use? Phillips has taken a step to the dream on a commercial scale when it formed venture Polymer Vision, in January 2004. Polymer Vision has recently reported that they make a flexible display, with a radius of curvature of 2 cm. The display is a bio-based, QVGA (320 240 pixels) active matrix, 5 inches on the diagonal and 85 dpi. The display has a 200 micron thick, reflective Electronic-Ink display from E Ink Corporation (www.eink.com) ofTop of a 25-micron thick active-matrix plane.
WITH CELL PHONE CALLS fixed
Xcelis (www.xcelis.com) has developed an innovative product for coupling cell phones and landlines. The Pantheon (see Figure 3) is part of a fixed telephone line and using a Bluetooth connection, routes incoming and outgoing data from users 'mobile phones' to their phones. Show phone Pantheon incoming calls with a distinctive ring. While the phone call isProgress, is not binding on the fixed line, it means that you can receive calls from your landline telephone.
Need a device that multiplexes for each phone. If calling from a landline, you can choose whether to use the phone or landline account. The Pantheon provides additional features, such as conference calling and call a landline phone book access to a user's cell phone from a landline, and the transition to a mid callLandline to a mobile phone. The Pantheon is also compatible with Voice over IP.
Bionic Arm
Todd Kuiken at the Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago at Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine has developed a thought-powered bionic arm. The arm is based on a muscle reinnervation procedure that takes an innovative amputees nerves and connects them to a healthy muscle. Doctors take nerves that go to the arm and chest muscles used to connect them. The nerves growin the muscles of the chest and contract the muscle when the patient thinks, for example, "closely." The electrical signals of the chest muscles drive the arm. Surface electrodes sense these impulses from the pectoral muscle and carry them up the arm, making him move. Jesse Sullivan, a powerful lineman who had both arms amputated after a serious electrical shock, is the first patient to be fitted with bionic arm. The weapons have allowed him to do everyday activities such asWear socks, shave, eat, take out the garbage, bringing food and empty. Future generations of poor integration of touch and sensitivity.
Mobile networking and sensor
Sensor mobility allows better coverage in areas where events occur frequently in many sensor networks are a lot more units available than necessary for simple coverage of the space. Can make a gain of sensor networks with motion sensors to improve this surplus, improvingdurability and reliability of the network. When a big event like a fire or chemical spill occurs, several sensors can cluster around that incident. This ensures good coverage of the event and provides immediate redundancy in case of failure another use of mobility occurs if the area of interest (as part of a larger area) is unknown during deployment. For example, if a network is deployed to monitor the migration of a herd of animals, the flock of the exact path through an areapreviously unknown. But as the herd moves, the sensors could converge on it to get the maximum amount of data. In addition, the sensors could be moved so that even keeping comprehensive coverage of their environment, while responding to events in this environment. In this way, at least one sensor still detects all events that occur in isolation, while several sensors more carefully observe dense clusters events. The continuous research in sensor networks include:
WIDE BAND IN THE WORLDWIRELESS ACCESS
PC option provides a data card, can access the wireless broadband. You can use the GlobeTrotter GT Max on 850 MHz, 1900 or 2100 HSDPA / UMTS (High Speed Downlink Packet Access / Universal Mobile Telecommunications System) networks and 850, 900, 1800 or 1900 MHz EDGE / GPRS (General Packet Radio Service) bands. The card supports data rates up to 1.8 megabits per second on HSDPA networks, 384 kilobits per second on UMTS networks, 247 Kbps on EDGENetworks, and 85 Kbps on GPRS networks. This is a Type II PCMCIA (Personal Computer Memory Card International Association)-compliant 3.3-V PC card and includes a new retractable antenna "Butterfly", which does not require users to remove the card when not in use. Many mobile operators offer the card, including Cingular, which announced recently that they have offered in two plans. A plan will cost users $ 110 per month and includes unlimited data in the U.S. and 100 MbytesDownload in Canada and Mexico. The other plan costs $ 140 and use is unlimited in the United States and 100 MB of download in 24 countries, including Australia, China, France, Italy and Germany.
The self-cleaning of the house of the future
The house of the future will not have to be cleaned. Not of men, leastways. Every surface is stain-resistant and antibacterial, and has plans for a total of vacuum cleaners - all by themselves. The exterior walls are all glass, which canfully shielded and used the palm as a TV screen. The scenario of self-cleaning house belongs to the distant future, perhaps 20 years. With the rapid development of nanotechnology we have seen increases in recent years, it is not easy to predict a specific time period and is not only self-cleaning but also self-sufficient energy wise. Today, Australians are already experimenting with nano-glass-houses in which glass can be treated with a pigmentNon-transparent coating, making the whole house - including the roof.
Wall sensors
The house of the future will be able to alert its owner when it needs repairs. The building materials are naturally inclined to have wear due to wind and weather, and are then integrated sensors. When these sensors appear on the home computer will receive a message that this particular section needs to be repaired. A variety of conditions are monitored in a similar way. ThisThis allows owners to repair the materials to successfully market and avoid major, expensive repairs after the damage has already been done.
Intelligent House
The smart home of the future, warns firefighters in a fire when you are at work. Or, if you have a leaking water pipe, the plumber will get it. Multifunctional sensors throughout the house will keep an eye on heating, lighting, indoor climate etc. The house of the future of two major digital portals. AGateway is the media server, which is the complete collection of family music, movies, includes photos, etc. Another feature is the high-security gateway of the house - has released a server to communicate with many sensors throughout the home monitor ambient air heating, etc. The two gateways are separate entities, such as security gateway home must be very tight. The gateway should not be exposed to hacking, which can have fatal consequences in terms ofSecurity. For example, if the motion detectors are tampered with, the alarm can be deactivated. It would also be an unpleasant experience of coming home to an ambient temperature of 40 degrees Celcisus and angry with you because someone has hacked into the system to change the temperature settings Thus, each room in the house of tomorrow armed to be with small sensors. - Larger spaces can be different. It will measure the physical conditions in the room and communicate with theHome gateway then looks around the Internet-based communication out of the house.
RFID and sensors
Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) uses radio frequency waves to transfer data between readers and tagged objects in motion passed without sight. RFID promises real-time identification, location, tracking and monitoring physical objects and can be used for a wide range of pervasive computing applications. To achieve these goals, RFID datacollect, transform and express as their virtual counterparts in the virtual world modeled. RFID data, however, have their own unique features - including aggregation, location, time and history-oriented - that will take full account and have the data model. The diversity of RFID applications provide additional challenges of a generalized framework for RFID data modeling. Today, Radio Frequency Identification has a huge interest and spread over the firstThe ubiquitous technology not only in terms of research
but also future business practices. Some of the latest research in the field of RFID technology are:
Tags Everywhere
The Ubiquitous ID Center provides the infrastructure for managing electronic tags embedded in or on objects in a ubiquitous environment. The center developed the ucode multicode tag that automatically identifies information in bar codes, RFID chips, smart cards and electronic storetags embedded in virtual enterprises, such as software and electronic money. Comparable to the (International Standard Book Numbering) the ISBN of the publishing industry has used the Centre UID numbers unique to each day and stores the data in relation to the object database server. The ucode tags use a 128-bit code that can be expanded to 128-bit units, creating a virtually infinite number of numbers. To explore this environment tag, the UID of the Centre developed Ubiquitous Communicatora PDA-like device that reads ucode tags and retrieves its data from the database of central server UID. The standard UC has a number of functions, including wireless LAN, Voice over Internet Protocol, data communications, infrared, and a biometric reader. Apart from the PDA as a version, the UID Center developed a cell phone style and model of a clock. At home, serve as a remote control for home entertainment systems and devices. In the office, said in a printer-day orderReplacement cartridges, if necessary
From UPC to RFID
Smart packaging became a possibility with the introduction of small battery-free microprocessors called RFID (Radio Frequency Identification Device) tags. Although these have been commercially available for a number of years have been too cumbersome and too expensive for use in packaging. This situation is changing rapidly: industry experts predict that the price per day for less than 10 cents per piece during the course of five yearsor so. The new generation of RFID tags can take the form of an adhesive, such as taking traditional bar codes, or they can be integrated directly into the packaging material itself. They consist of a silicon microprocessor and some form of radio antenna - carbon conductive ink replaces the coil of metal more expensive types of tags before. This acts as a radio antenna input / output channel and power source. Electricity is generated in the antenna or a magnetic or a radio signal, the tagresponds with a radio signal in turn. This response signal contains metadata on the chip, typically an identification number stored with the help of RFID readers -. In our cell phones, in supermarket freezers and check-out, in our private fridge - we will be able to retrieve information about a specific item on its ID number. In fact, the first mobile phone with built-in player of NFC (Near Field Communication) technology, based on the market.
NEW GENERATIONTAGS
Smart tags, which will soon replace bar codes in our supermarkets are actually pretty dumb: their only chance to play, their ID code on command. With the next generation of MEMS-tag, 'smart' the more appropriate term. MEMS (Micro Electro Mechanical Systems) tags are able to perform measurements and calculations. Tags MEMS are particularly interesting in relation to highly perishable products such as milk and meat. Studies have shown that the words "sell by" forsuch products is dubious at best: milk remains only until the specified date, stored as long as fresh as at the right temperature. Storage is the keyword, for example, that the temperature is too high at about one-fifth of the meat and dairy cases in American supermarkets, three or four degrees. And what happens if you leave the milk on the kitchen table all morning? MEMS Smart tags can be used in packets of milk to the temperature every fifteen minutes. The measures are thensent to a small microprocessor that calculates an estimated fresh milk.
FOOD SAFETY
The refrigerator of the future will be a door with a built-in scanner for reading the digital tags on food packaging. In this way, the fridge always keep up, he put into it, and the screen door to provide an overview of what is behind the door. By scanning all foodstuffs, you always have an updated vision of your existing inventory - are the canned and frozen foods. InIn other words: the refrigerator is part of digital administrator of the kitchen game. If for example, keep the food approaches the expiration date, will experience the refrigerator. The product can be used immediately, and you avoid throwing away food. The screen is connected to the Internet, and marks each chip to the package is a website that can be visited from the fridge, tucked away as the food is represented. So that warnings can be issued for all theseparticular product. We all remember instances of contaminated food, which ended without being noticed by the producers that are in supermarkets and domestic fridge or freezer. In these cases, a warning from the refrigerator to greatly reduce the risks. Since the refrigerator is often automatic control of the network, users are no longer dependent on radio and television advertisements.
Publisher:
Mr.S.Vijayakumar
Research Associate - CORE tIFace
Velammal Engineering College
Chennai- 600 066
E-mail: Vijayece2002@yahoo.co.in
